Ethical implications of developing RNA-based therapies for cardiovascular disorders.

The awareness concerning RNA-based therapies was boosted significantly after the successful development of COVID-19 vaccines. However, they can potentially lead to significant advances in other areas of medicine, such as oncology or chronic diseases. In recent years, there has been an exponential increase in the number of RNA-based therapies that were evaluated as potential treatments for cardiovascular disorders. One of the areas that was not explicitly assessed about these therapies is represented by their overall ethical framework. Some studies evaluate ethical issues of RNA-based treatments in general or targeting specific disorders (especially neurodegenerative) or interventions for developing RNA-based vaccines. Much less information is available regarding the ethical issues associated with developing these therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disorders, which is the main aim of this study. We will focus our analysis on three main topics: risk-benefit analysis (including the management of public awareness about these technologies), and justice (in both research and clinical medicine).

Physician-Patient Relationship in Current Cosmetic Surgery Demands More than Mere Respect for Patient Autonomy-Is It Time for the Anti-Paternalistic Model?

The ethical framework of cosmetic surgery is distinct from the one associated with clinical medicine. This distinctiveness has led to significant difficulties in conceptualizing the physician-patient relationship (PPR), as most models have been developed specifically for the latter. The purpose of this article is to show that the PPR in cosmetic surgery can be better described through a distinct approach that we name the anti-paternalistic model of the PPR, and we will briefly present the differences between it and autonomy-based models. We will analyze the principle of non-interference, the variable degree of autonomy of both the patient and the physician within this relationship, the handling of the relevant information, the principle of beneficence as satisfaction, the difficulties regarding the informed consent, the algorithm allowing for the refusal of the procedure, and children-related issues. Based on this analysis, we will show that an anti-paternalistic model of the PPR is preferable to an autonomy-based one, as it allows for better clarification of the underlying ethical issues involved in cosmetic surgery.

Ethical Challenges Regarding Cosmetic Surgery in Patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an obsessive-compulsive disease, associated with increased addressability to plastic surgeons; however, as patients perceive body defects due to decreased insight, they are often unsatisfied with their appearance after cosmetic surgery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ethical reasoning that should be performed before accepting these patients as cosmetic surgery candidates. We will focus our analysis on three main areas of interest: autonomy, which in these patients is significantly decreased, beneficence as satisfaction, which in these particular patients does not justify performing the intervention, and loyalty, which should render cosmetic procedures immoral in patients with body dysmorphic disorder.

The duty to treat in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic / El deber de tratar en el contexto de la pandemia de covid-19 / O dever de tratar no contexto da pandemia de covid-19

Abstract The duty to treat has been at the center of the moral and public debate surrounding the physician-patient relationship, especially in epidemics. The topic of discussion may be the physician who "fights" (the "hero physician"), the contaminated professional, the doctor who refuses to treat or the resigning physician. This may increase potential conflicts between the physicians' individual values and those of their patients, conflicts that can have personal and social consequences. Doctors implicitly assume that treating patients may generate risks for his/her own well-being, but none should accept risks related to insufficient protective equipment or inappropriate protocols, or other external causes that unjustifiably increase them. Everybody involved in healthcare has the duty to minimize the risks imposed on the patient; otherwise not only physicians are at risk, but also patients and society, which could receive less healthcare or even develop other diseases.

Resumen El deber de tratar está en el centro del debate moral y público que rodea la relación médico-paciente, especialmente en epidemias. El tema de discusión puede ser el médico que "lucha" (el "médico héroe"), el médico contaminado, el médico que se niega a tratar o el médico que renuncia. Este aumento de posi-bles conflictos entre los valores del profesional y del paciente puede tener consecuencias personales y sociales. Todo médico acepta, implícitamente, que su trabajo puede poner en riesgo su bienestar, pero ningún profisional debe aceptar los riesgos causados por un equipo de protección insuficiente, por pro-tocolos inapropiados u otras causas externas. Todos los involucrados tienen el deber de minimizar los riesgos al paciente, ya que de lo contrario no solo el médico está en riesgo, sino también toda la socie-dad, visto que los pacientes pueden recibir menos atención médica o desarrollar más enfermedades.

Resumo O dever de tratar está no centro do debate moral e público sobre a relação médico-paciente, especialmente em epidemias. O tópico da discussão pode ser o médico que "luta" (o "médico herói"), o profissional contaminado, aquele que se recusa a tratar ou se demitiu. Este aumento de potenciais conflitos entre os valores individuais do profissional e os do paciente podem ter consequências pessoais e sociais. Qualquer médico aceita, implicitamente, que o tratamento do enfermo pode gerar riscos para o próprio bem-estar, mas nenhum profissional deve aceitar riscos causados por equipamento de proteção insuficiente ou protocolos inadequados ou outras causas externas que os aumentem sem motivos justificáveis. Todos os envolvidos no cuidado à saúde devem minimizar os riscos impostos ao enfermo; caso contrário, não apenas o profissional está em risco, mas também os pacientes e a sociedade, que podem receber menos cuidados de saúde ou ainda desenvolver outras doenças.